A new technique to measure the ratio of b quark fragmentation fractions in ppbar collisions is described. Using a 70 pb-1 sample of low-mass dimuon trigger data recorded with the Collider Detector at Fermilab, we identify B mesons by observing the double semileptonic decays b -> c mu X with c -> s mu X. By counting the numbers of K*(892)0, K*(892)+ and phi(1020) mesons produced in association with these muon pairs, we measure the ratio of strange to non-strange B meson production to be f_s/(f_u + f_d) = (21.0 +/- 3.6(stat.)+3.8_-3.0(syst.))%. This measurement is the most precise available from hadron collisions to date. Limits on the branching fractions of semileptonic charm meson decays with K_1(1270), K*_1(1410) and K*_2(1430) mesons in the final state are also obtained.